1 | H | Hydrogen | Greek elements hydro- and -gen, meaning 'water-forming' |
2 | He | Helium | Greek hḗlios, 'sun' |
3 | Li | Lithium | Greek líthos, 'stone' |
4 | Be | Beryllium | beryl, a mineral (ultimately from the name of Belur in southern India) |
5 | B | Boron | borax, a mineral (from Arabic bawraq) |
6 | C | Carbon | Latin carbo, 'coal' |
7 | N | Nitrogen | Greek nítron and -gen, meaning 'niter-forming' |
8 | O | Oxygen | Greek oxy- and -gen, meaning 'acid-forming' |
9 | F | Fluorine | Latin fluere, 'to flow' |
10 | Ne | Neon | Greek néon, 'new' |
11 | Na | Sodium | English soda (the symbol Na is derived from New Latin natrium, coined from German Natron, 'natron') |
12 | Mg | Magnesium | Magnesia, a district of Eastern Thessaly in Greece |
13 | Al | Aluminium | alumina, from Latin alumen (gen. alumni), 'bitter salt, alum' |
14 | Si | Silicon | Latin silex, 'flint' (originally silicium) |
15 | P | Phosphorus | Greek phōsphóros, 'light-bearing' |
16 | S | Sulfur | Latin sulphur, 'brimstone' |
17 | Cl | Chlorine | Greek chlōrós, 'greenish yellow' |
18 | Ar | Argon | Greek argós, 'idle' (because of its inertness) |
19 | K | Potassium | New Latin potassa, 'potash' (the symbol K is derived from Latin kalium) |
20 | Ca | Calcium | Latin calx, 'lime' |
21 | Sc | Scandium | Latin Scandia, 'Scandinavia' |
22 | Ti | Titanium | Titans, the sons of the Earth goddess of Greek mythology |
23 | V | Vanadium | Vanadis, an Old Norse name for the Scandinavian goddess Freyja |
24 | Cr | Chromium | Greek chróma, 'colour' |
25 | Mn | Manganese | corrupted from magnesia negra; see Magnesium |
26 | Fe | Iron | English word (the symbol Fe is derived from Latin ferrum) |
27 | Co | Cobalt | German Kobold, 'goblin' |
28 | Ni | Nickel | Nickel, a mischievous sprite of German miner mythology |
29 | Cu | Copper | English word, from Latin cuprum, from Ancient Greek Kýpros 'Cyprus' |
30 | Zn | Zinc | Most likely from German Zinke, 'prong' or 'tooth', though some suggest Persian sang, 'stone' |
31 | Ga | Gallium | Latin Gallia, 'France' |
32 | Ge | Germanium | Latin Germania, 'Germany' |
33 | As | Arsenic | French arsenic, from Greek arsenikón 'yellow arsenic' (influenced by arsenikós, 'masculine' or 'virile'), from a West Asian wanderword ultimately from Old Iranian *zarniya-ka, 'golden' |
34 | Se | Selenium | Greek selḗnē, 'moon' |
35 | Br | Bromine | Greek brômos, 'stench' |
36 | Kr | Krypton | Greek kryptós, 'hidden' |
37 | Rb | Rubidium | Latin rubidus, 'deep red' |
38 | Sr | Strontium | Strontian, a village in Scotland |
39 | Y | Yttrium | Ytterby, a village in Sweden |
40 | Zr | Zirconium | zircon, a mineral |
41 | Nb | Niobium | Niobe, daughter of king Tantalus from Greek mythology |
42 | Mo | Molybdenum | Greek molýbdaina, 'piece of lead', from mólybdos, 'lead' |
43 | Tc | Technetium | Greek tekhnētós, 'artificial' |
44 | Ru | Ruthenium | New Latin Ruthenia, 'Russia' |
45 | Rh | Rhodium | Greek rhodóeis, 'rose-coloured', from rhódon, 'rose' |
46 | Pd | Palladium | the asteroid Pallas, considered a planet at the time |
47 | Ag | Silver | English word (The symbol derives from Latin argentum) |
48 | Cd | Cadmium | New Latin cadmia, from King Kadmos |
49 | In | Indium | Latin indicum, 'indigo' (colour found in its spectrum) |
50 | Sn | Tin | English word (The symbol derives from Latin stannum) |
51 | Sb | Antimony | Latin antimonium, the origin of which is uncertain: folk etymologies suggest it is derived from Greek antí ('against') + mónos ('alone'), or Old French anti-moine, 'Monk's bane', but it could plausibly be from or related to Arabic ʾiṯmid, 'antimony', reformatted as a Latin word. (The symbol derives from Latin stibium 'stibnite'.) |
52 | Te | Tellurium | Latin tellus, 'the ground, earth' |
53 | I | Iodine | French iode, from Greek ioeidḗs, 'violet' |
54 | Xe | Xenon | Greek xénon, neuter form of xénos 'strange' |
55 | Cs | Caesium | Latin caesius, 'sky-blue' |
56 | Ba | Barium | Greek barýs, 'heavy' |
57 | La | Lanthanum | Greek lanthánein, 'to lie hidden' |
58 | Ce | Cerium | the dwarf planet Ceres, considered a planet at the time |
59 | Pr | Praseodymium | Greek prásios dídymos, 'green twin' |
60 | Nd | Neodymium | Greek néos dídymos, 'new twin' |
61 | Pm | Promethium | Prometheus of Greek mythology |
62 | Sm | Samarium | samarskite, a mineral named after Colonel Vasili Samarsky-Bykhovets, Russian mine official |
63 | Eu | Europium | Europe |
64 | Gd | Gadolinium | gadolinite, a mineral named after Johan Gadolin, Finnish chemist, physicist and mineralogist |
65 | Tb | Terbium | Ytterby, a village in Sweden |
66 | Dy | Dysprosium | Greek dysprósitos, 'hard to get' |
67 | Ho | Holmium | New Latin Holmia, 'Stockholm' |
68 | Er | Erbium | Ytterby, a village in Sweden |
69 | Tm | Thulium | Thule, the ancient name for an unclear northern location |
70 | Yb | Ytterbium | Ytterby, a village in Sweden |
71 | Lu | Lutetium | Latin Lutetia, 'Paris' |
72 | Hf | Hafnium | New Latin Hafnia, 'Copenhagen' (from Danish havn) |
73 | Ta | Tantalum | King Tantalus, father of Niobe from Greek mythology |
74 | W | Tungsten | Swedish tung sten, 'heavy stone' (The symbol is from wolfram, the old name of the tungsten mineral wolframite) |
75 | Re | Rhenium | Latin Rhenus, 'the Rhine' |
76 | Os | Osmium | Greek osmḗ, 'smell' |
77 | Ir | Iridium | Iris, the Greek goddess of the rainbow |
78 | Pt | Platinum | Spanish platina, 'little silver', from plata 'silver' |
79 | Au | Gold | English word (The symbol derives from Latin aurum) |
80 | Hg | Mercury | Mercury, Roman god of commerce, communication, and luck, known for his speed and mobility (The symbol is from the element's Latin name hydrargyrum, derived from Greek hydrárgyros, 'water-silver') |
81 | Tl | Thallium | Greek thallós, 'green shoot or twig' |
82 | Pb | Lead | English word (The symbol derives from Latin plumbum) |
83 | Bi | Bismuth | German Wismut, from weiß Masse 'white mass', unless from Arabic |
84 | Po | Polonium | Latin Polonia, 'Poland' (the home country of Marie Curie) |
85 | At | Astatine | Greek ástatos, 'unstable' |
86 | Rn | Radon | radium |
87 | Fr | Francium | France |
88 | Ra | Radium | French radium, from Latin radius, 'ray' |
89 | Ac | Actinium | Greek aktís, 'ray' |
90 | Th | Thorium | Thor, the Scandinavian god of thunder |
91 | Pa | Protactinium | proto- (from Greek prôtos, 'first, before') + actinium, which is produced through the radioactive decay of protactinium |
92 | U | Uranium | Uranus, the seventh planet in the Solar System |
93 | Np | Neptunium | Neptune, the eighth planet in the Solar System |
94 | Pu | Plutonium | the dwarf planet Pluto, considered the ninth planet in the Solar System at the time |
95 | Am | Americium | The Americas, as the element was first synthesised on the continent, by analogy with europium |
96 | Cm | Curium | Pierre Curie and Marie Curie, French physicists and chemists |
97 | Bk | Berkelium | Berkeley, California, where the element was first synthesised, by analogy with terbium |
98 | Cf | Californium | California, where the element was first synthesised |
99 | Es | Einsteinium | Albert Einstein, German physicist |
100 | Fm | Fermium | Enrico Fermi, Italian physicist |
101 | Md | Mendelevium | Dmitri Mendeleev, Russian chemist and inventor who proposed the periodic table |
102 | No | Nobelium | Alfred Nobel, Swedish chemist and engineer |
103 | Lr | Lawrencium | Ernest O. Lawrence, American physicist |
104 | Rf | Rutherfordium | Ernest Rutherford, British chemist and physicist |
105 | Db | Dubnium | Dubna, Russia, where the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research is located |
106 | Sg | Seaborgium | Glenn T. Seaborg, American chemist |
107 | Bh | Bohrium | Niels Bohr, Danish physicist |
108 | Hs | Hassium | New Latin Hassia, 'Hesse' (a state in Germany) |
109 | Mt | Meitnerium | Lise Meitner, Austrian physicist |
110 | Ds | Darmstadtium | Darmstadt, Germany, where the element was first synthesised |
111 | Rg | Roentgenium | Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, German physicist |
112 | Cn | Copernicium | Nicolaus Copernicus, Polish astronomer |
113 | Nh | Nihonium | Japanese Nihon, 'Japan' (where the element was first synthesised) |
114 | Fl | Flerovium | Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions, part of JINR, where the element was synthesised; itself named after Georgy Flyorov, Russian physicist |
115 | Mc | Moscovium | Moscow Oblast, Russia, where the element was first synthesised |
116 | Lv | Livermorium | Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore, California, which collaborated with JINR on its synthesis |
117 | Ts | Tennessine | Tennessee, United States |
118 | Og | Oganesson | Yuri Oganessian, Russian physicist |